来源:Ekaterina Bolovtsova/Pexels
让我们来看看杰西和萨拉这对在一起两年的情侣。尽管他们总体上沟通顺畅,但每当杰西急着为她的问题寻找解决方案时,萨拉就会感到沮丧。她指出,他没有耐心听完问题就直接给出答案,这让她很难受。此外,她还提到,杰西往往根据自己对问题的理解来提出解决方案,并套用他惯用的处理方式,而这些方式并不总是适合她。每当他这样做时,她通常会说:”算了吧”,然后带着情绪离开。杰西不明白问题出在哪里,因为他觉得自己是在帮伴侣解决(或尝试解决)问题。而当她转身离开时,他也会感到难过,觉得她在将自己拒之门外。一段本想解决问题的对话,最终却常常演变成误解与伤心。
在这段互动中,有两件值得关注的好事发生了。首先,萨拉和杰西保持着开放的沟通,愿意向对方倾诉自己的烦恼,这说明他们彼此信任,相处融洽。其次,杰西表现出了想要帮助萨拉的意愿。尽管他的解决方案对萨拉并不奏效,但我们知道他是出于关心才想出手相助的。如果换作萨拉处于同样的处境,杰西或许也会欣然接受她提出的解决方案。而萨拉,只是想要被倾听。无论如何,我们知道他们之间是有爱的。以下是改善这一状况的两点重要思考。
元沟通
与人交谈时,思考我们的话语究竟传递了什么信息,是非常重要的。例如,当我们说”真是太感谢了”的同时翻了个白眼,表达的可能不是感激,而是一种讽刺。在杰西和萨拉的例子中,情况则更为微妙。杰西急于找出解决方案,可能向萨拉传递了一个信号:这个问题轻而易举就能摆平。这样做,首先可能会淡化问题的严重性;其次,它剥夺了萨拉表达内心挫败感的机会;第三,它默认了杰西已经完全了解事情的来龙去脉,从而能够提出恰当的解决方案。当然,杰西并无意冒犯萨拉,恰恰相反,他是想帮助她。然而,他更应该做的是主动倾听,并对她产生共情。
认可
“肯定”与”认可”这两个词经常被混用,但它们的含义并不相同。认可,是指接纳一个人的感受、想法或信念,即便你并不赞同它们。研究人员查德·申克和艾伦·弗鲁泽蒂(2011年)指出,认可并不试图改变一个人的体验,而只是如实接受它。因此,认可一个人,就是在表明他们的体验、想法或感受是合理存在的。杰西或许能够迅速想出一个简单的办法,帮萨拉向上司申请延期(如果那是问题所在),但萨拉或许更想知道的是,杰西听到了她的心声,理解她对这种处境的沮丧与无奈。他不必认同这个处境有多令人沮丧——事实上,如果换作是他,可能根本不会有同样的感受。然而,她希望杰西能够承认并接纳她的情绪。而杰西直接给出解决方案,恰恰跳过了这至关重要的一步。
即便出于最善意的初衷,你所传达的内容也未必能被他人如你所愿地理解。因此,如果你的伴侣对你给出的解决方案表达了不满,重要的是理解他们不满背后的原因,并找到一种更好的方式,与他们就这些问题展开对话。
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